Profile for People with Intellectual Disabilities in the Dhaka and Pabna regions of Bangladesh

Kabirul Islam, Mohammad Sarowar Uddin, Mohammad Safiqul Islam, Shafayet Ahmed Siddiqui, Md. Saddam Hussain, Md. Shalahuddin Millat

Abstract


Intellectual disability (ID) is a mental ailment described by noteworthy limitations both in intellectual working and adaptive manners covering a range of everyday social and practical skills. About 2–3% of the general population globally are affected by ID. The objectives of this study was to explore the prevalence, etiology, abnormal behaviors, diagnosis, and treatment received of people with ID in Dhaka and Pabna regions of  Bangladesh. This questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 intellectually disabled admitted patients in three Bangladeshi psychiatric hospitals from June 2018 to November 2019. Patients and their guardians (in which cases patients were not capable to communicate) were directly questioned for collecting data. Males (76 %) were highly prevalent to ID than females (24 %) in Bangladesh ancestry. The age range was from 10 years to maximum 30 years. Unmarried peoples were highly dominant to ID than married peoples. Genetic (78%) was the most common cause of ID. Approximately, 80% of people with ID were used to hitting others. Sleep problem (44%) was the most frequently occurring associated disorders in people with ID. Blood test (88%) and interview with guardians (88%) were the most well-known methods for the diagnosis of ID while the most commonly used medicament was antipsychotics (86%) for ID in Bangladesh. The present study reflected the current scenario of prevalence, etiology, abnormal behaviors, associated illness, diagnosis, and treatment approaches of ID in Bangladesh.  

Keywords: ID, prevalence, etiology, abnormal behaviors, diagnosis, treatment


Keywords


ID, prevalence, etiology, diagnosis, treatment

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References


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Antonacci, D. J., Manual, C., & Davis, E. (2008). Diagnosis and treatment of aggression in individuals with developmental disabilities. Psychiatric Quarterly, 79, 225–247.

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Batshaw, M. L., Roizen, N. J., & Lotrecchiano, G. R. (2013). Children with disabilities: A medical primer (7th ed).

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Brylewski, J., & Wiggs, L. (1999). Sleep problems and daytime challenging behaviour in a communityâ€based sample of adults with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 43(6), 504-512.

Cooney, G., Jahoda, A., Gumley, A., & Knott. F. (2006). Young people with intellectual disabilities attending mainstream and segregated schooling: perceived stigma, social comparison and future aspirations. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50(6), 432–444.

Daily, D. K., Ardinger, H. H., & Holmes, G. E. (2000). Identification and evaluation of mental retardation. American Family Physician, 61(4), 1059–1067.

Dawson, M., Soulieres, I., Gernsbacher, M. A., & Mottron, L. (2007). The level and nature of autistic intelligence. Psychological Science, 18, 657–662.

Griffin, J. C., Williams, D. E., Stark, M. T., Altmeyer, B. K. & Mason, M. (1986). Self-injurious behavior: a state-wide prevalence survey of the extent and circumstances. Applied Research in Mental Retardation, 7, 105-116.

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Matson, J. L., Matson, M. L., & Rivet, T. T. (2007). Social-skills treatments for children with autism spectrum disorders: an overview. Behavior Modification, 31(5), 682–707.

Matson, J. L., & Neal, D. (2009). Psychotropic medication use for challenging behaviors in persons with intellectual disabilities: An overview. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 30, 572–586.

Maulik, P. K., Mascarenhas, M. N., Mathers, C. D., Dua, T., & Saxena, S. (2011). Prevalence of intellectual disability: a meta-analysis of population-based studies. Research in developmental disabilities, 32(2), 419-436.

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Mouridsen, S. E., Rich, B., & Isager, T. (1999). Epilepsy in disintegrative psychosis and infantile autism: a long-term validation study. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 41, 110-114.

Neidert, P., Dozier, C., Iwata, B., & Hafen, M. (2010). Behavior analysis in intellectual and developmental disabilities. Psychological Services, 7, 103–113.

Rauch, A., Hoyer, J., & Guth, S., et al. (2006). Diagnostic yield of various genetic approaches in patients with unexplained developmental delay or mental retardation. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, 140, 2063–2074.

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Sjgafoos, J., Elkins, J., Kerr, M., & Attwood, T. (1994). A survey of aggressive behaviour among a population of persons with intellectual disability in Queensland. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 38(4), 369-381.

Siperstein, G. N., Glick, G. C., & Parker, R. (2009). The social inclusion of children with intellectual disabilities in an out of school recreational setting. Intellectual and Developmental Diasbilities, 47(2), 97–107.

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Stacey, A., Suzanne, B., Guy, D., Geneviève, T., Johanne, B., & Marie, G. (2012). Behaviour disorders in children with an intellectual disability. Paediatrics and Child Health, 17(2), 84–88.

Sundaram, S. K., Sivaswamy, L., Makki, M. I., Behen, M. E., & Chugani, H. (2008). Absence of arcuate fasciculus in children with global developmental delay of unknown etiology: a diffusion tensor imaging study. The Journal of Pediatrics, 152(2), 250–255.

Tyrer, P., Oliver-Africano, P. C., Ahmed, Z., Bouras, N., Cooray, S., Deb, S., & Crawford, M. (2008). Risperidone, haloperidol, and placebo in the treatment of aggressive challenging behavior in patients with intellectual disability: A randomized controlled trial. The Lancet, 371, 57–63.

Van Blarikom, W., Tan, I. Y., Aldenkamp, A. P., & van Gennep, A. T. (2006). Epilepsy, intellectual disability, and living environment: A critical review. Epilepsy & Behavior, 9, 14–18.

Webb, O. J., & Rogers, L. (1999). Health screening for people with intellectual disability: the New Zealand experience. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 43, 497–503.

Wiggs, L., & Stores, G. (1996). Severe sleep disturbance and daytime challenging behaviour in children with severe learning disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 40(6), 518-528.

Wilson, D., & Haire, A. (1990). Health care screening for people with mental handicap living in the community. BMJ, 301, 1379– 1381.

sâ€, Psychiatry, 8, 355–357.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5®), American Psychiatric Publishing, Washington, DC.

Amiet, C., Gourfinkel-An, I., Bouzamondo, A., Tordjman, S., Baulac, M., Lechat, P., Mottron, L., and Cohen, D. (2008), “Epilepsy in Autism is Associated with Intellectual Disability and Gender: Evidence from a Meta-Analysisâ€, Biological Psychiatry, 64, 577–582.

Antonacci, D.J., Manual, C., & Davis, E. (2008), “Diagnosis and treatment of aggression in individuals with developmental disabilitiesâ€, Psychiatric Quarterly, 79, 225–247.

Bartak, L., & Rutter, M. (1976), “Differences between mentally retarded and normally intelligent autistic childrenâ€, Journal of autism and childhood schizophrenia, 6, 109–120.

Batshaw, M.L., Roizen, N.J., & Lotrecchiano, G.R. (2013), “Children with disabilities: A medical primer (7th ed).

Baumeister, A.A., & Rollings, J.P. (1976), “Self-injurious behaviour’. International Review of Research in Mental Retardation, 8, 1-30.

Brylewski, J., & Wiggs, L. (1999), “Sleep problems and daytime challenging behaviour in a communityâ€based sample of adults with intellectual disabilityâ€, Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 43(6), 504-512.

Cooney, G., Jahoda, A., Gumley, A., & Knott. F. (2006), “Young people with intellectual disabilities attending mainstream and segregated schooling: perceived stigma, social comparison and future aspirationsâ€, Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50(6), 432–444.

Daily, D.K., Ardinger, H.H., & Holmes, G.E. (2000), “Identification and evaluation of mental retardationâ€, American Family Physician, 61(4), 1059–1067.

Dawson, M., Soulieres, I., Gernsbacher, M.A., & Mottron, L. (2007), “The level and nature of autistic intelligenceâ€, Psychological Science, 18, 657–662.

Griffin, J.C., Williams, D.E., Stark, M.T., Altmeyer, B.K. & Mason, M. (1986), “Self-injurious behavior: a state-wide prevalence survey of the extent and circumstancesâ€, Applied Research in Mental Retardation, 7, 105-116.

Harris, J.C. (2006), “Intellectual disability: Understanding its development, causes, classiï¬cation, evaluation, and treatmentâ€, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 4298.

Harvey, S.T., Boer, D., Meyer, L.H., & Evans, I.M. (2009), “Updating a meta-analysis of intervention research with challenging behavior: Treatment validity and standards of practiceâ€, Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 34, 67–80.

Hay, I., Elias, G., Fielding-Barnsley, R., Homel, R., Freiberg, K. (2007), “Language delays, reading delays and learning difficulties: Interactive elements requiring multidimensional programmingâ€, Journal of Learning Disabilities, 40(5), 400–409.

Heyvaert, M., Maes, B., & Onghena, P. (2010), “A meta-analysis of intervention effects on challenging behavior among persons with intellectual disabilitiesâ€, Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54(7), 634–649.

Hodapp, R.M., Burack, J.A. (2006), “Developmental approaches to children with mental retardation: A second generation?, Developmental psychopathology, 3, 235–267.

Hrdlicka, M., Komarek, V., Propper, L., Kulisek, R., Zumrova, A., Faladova, L., Urbanek, T. (2004), “Not EEG abnormalities but epilepsy is associated with autistic regression and mental functioning in childhood autismâ€, European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 13, 209-213.

Hughes-McCormack, L.A., Rydzewska, E., Henderson, A., MacIntyre, C., Rintoul, J., & Cooper, S.A. (2018), “Prevalence and general health status of people with intellectual disabilities in Scotland: a total population studyâ€, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 72(1), 78-85.

Jacobson, J.W., & Janicki, M.P. (1983), “Observed prevalence of multiple developmental disabilitiesâ€, Mental Retardation, 21, 87–94.

Kalachnik, J.E., Hanzel, T.E., Sevenich, R., Harder, S.R. (2002), “Benzodiazepine behavioral side effects: review and implications for individuals with mental retardationâ€, American Journal of Mental Retardation, 107(5), 376–410.

Karam, S.M., Riegel, M., Segal, S.L., Félix, T.M., Barros, A.J., Black, M. (2015), “Genetic causes of intellectual disability in a birth cohort: a populationâ€based studyâ€, American Journal of Medical Genetics, 167(6), 1204-14.

Kaufman, L., Ayub, M., Vicent, J.B. (2010), “The genetic basis of nonâ€syndromic intellectual disability: A reviewâ€, Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 2, 182–209.

Lennox, N.G., Diggens, J.N., Ugoni, A.M. (1997), “The general practice care of people with intellectual disability: barriers and solutionsâ€, Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 41, 380–90.

Luyben, P.D. (2009), “Applied behavior analysis: Understanding and changing behavior in the community. A representative reviewâ€. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 37, 230–53.

Maisto, C.R., Baumeister, A.A., Maisto, A.A. (1978), “An analysis ofthe variables related to self-injurious behaviour among institutionalised retarded persons. Joumal of Mental Deficiency Research, 22, 27-36.

Matson, J.L., Matson, M.L., Rivet, T.T. (2007), “Social-skills treatments for children with autism spectrum disorders: an overviewâ€, Behavior Modification, 31(5), 682–707.

Matson, J.L., Neal, D. (2009), “Psychotropic medication use for challenging behaviors in persons with intellectual disabilities: An overviewâ€. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 30, 572–586.

Maulik, P.K., Mascarenhas, M.N., Mathers, C.D., Dua, T., Saxena, S. (2011), “Prevalence of intellectual disability: a meta-analysis of population-based studiesâ€, Research in developmental disabilities, 32(2), 419-436.

Moeschler, J.B., Shevell, M. (2006), “Clinical genetic evaluation of the child with mental retardation or developmental delaysâ€, Pediatrics, 117, 2304–2316.

Mouridsen, S.E., Rich, B., Isager, T. (1999), “Epilepsy in disintegrative psychosis and infantile autism: a long-term validation studyâ€, Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 41, 110-114.

Neidert, P., Dozier, C., Iwata, B., Hafen, M. (2010), “Behavior analysis in intellectual and developmental disabilitiesâ€, Psychological Services, 7, 103–113.

Rauch, A., Hoyer, J., Guth, S., et al. (2006), “Diagnostic yield of various genetic approaches in patients with unexplained developmental delay or mental retardationâ€, American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, 140, 2063–2074.

Scior, K. (2011), “Public awareness, attitudes and beliefs regarding intellectual disability: A systematic reviewâ€, Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32, 2164–2182.

Sjgafoos, J., Elkins, J., Kerr, M., Attwood, T. (1994), “A survey of aggressive behaviour among a population of persons with intellectual disability in Queenslandâ€, Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 38(4), 369-381.

Siperstein, G.N., Glick, G.C., Parker, R. (2009), “The social inclusion of children with intellectual disabilities in an out of school recreational settingâ€, Intellectual and Developmental Diasbilities, 47(2), 97–107.

Society for the welfare of intellectually disabled- Bangladesh. (2017), SWID-Bangladesh annual report.

Stacey, A., Suzanne, B., Guy, D., Geneviève, T., Johanne, B., Marie, G. (2012), “Behaviour disorders in children with an intellectual disabilityâ€, Paediatrics and Child Health, 17(2), 84–88.

Sundaram, S.K., Sivaswamy, L., Makki, M.I., Behen, M.E., Chugani, H. (2008), “Absence of arcuate fasciculus in children with global developmental delay of unknown etiology: a diffusion tensor imaging studyâ€, The Journal of Pediatrics, 152(2), 250–255.

Tyrer, P., Oliver-Africano, P.C., Ahmed, Z., Bouras, N., Cooray, S., Deb, S., Crawford, M. (2008), “Risperidone, haloperidol, and placebo in the treatment of aggressive challenging behavior in patients with intellectual disability: A randomized controlled trialâ€. The Lancet, 371, 57–63.

Van Blarikom, W., Tan, I.Y., Aldenkamp, A.P., van Gennep, A.T. (2006), “Epilepsy, intellectual disability, and living environment: A critical reviewâ€, Epilepsy & Behavior, 9, 14–18.

Webb, O.J., Rogers, L. (1999), “Health screening for people with intellectual disability: the New Zealand experienceâ€, Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 43, 497–503.

Wiggs, L., Stores, G. (1996), “Severe sleep disturbance and daytime challenging behaviour in children with severe learning disabilitiesâ€, Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 40(6), 518-528.

Wilson, D., Haire, A. (1990), “Health care screening for people with mental handicap living in the communityâ€, BMJ, 301, 1379– 1381.


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